© Bob Evans Designs, Inc., 2000 - 2008
© Ryan Lindsey, 1996
All Rights Reserved.

Kick Modulation of Intermediate Conventional Fin
A Kinematic Comparison of Swimming with
Two Different Designs of Dive Fins
Ryan Lindsey, M.A.
Department of Exercise and Nutritional Science
San Diego State University

Here you can see that the toe line ---- crosses the ankle line ---- during the kick phase. Where the two lines cross each other, the ankle joint is forced beyond 180 degrees. Due to the fact that the ankle joint is forced beyond 180 degrees it causes micro trauma to the muscles on the front side of the lower leg and causes an over contraction of the muscles on the back side of the lower leg and in the longitudinal arch of the foot. This over contraction causes in the muscle and the spasm induces a cramp.